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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Re:
</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"> The bacteria (in the hypanthium) need to thrive in the nectary in order to reach numbers sufficient to switch on their virulence. Once this is accomplished you have an infection.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Do you have a good reference for me on this specific topic? When I reviewed the literature, I only found a few things from Pusey. This might explain some cases.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Hi Richard, <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Yes, bacteriologist have been dropping the term “quorum sensing” over the past few years, which is a trait within both pathogenic and beneficial bacteria that allows them to be non-virulent when in low numbers, then, when they sense when
numbers are sufficient to overwhelm the host, they all “switch on” their virulence, or if beneficial, the next action they are building up to. This may allow them to avoid triggering host defense mechanisms until it is too late for the plant to successfully
defend itself. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Look on Google for that term “Quorum sensing” + Erwnia amylovora and you will find some good recent journal articles.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Try those below for a start.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quorum_sensing">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quorum_sensing</a><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1082838/">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1082838/</a><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17092294">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17092294</a><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> apple-crop-bounces@virtualorchard.net [mailto:apple-crop-bounces@virtualorchard.net]
<b>On Behalf Of </b>Weinzierl, Richard A<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Friday, August 14, 2015 2:27 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> Apple-crop discussion list <apple-crop@virtualorchard.net><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [apple-crop] Looking for comments on fire blight management<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">U of I Kane County Extension Office, 535 South Randall Road, St. Charles, IL<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D">Rick <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">
<a href="mailto:apple-crop-bounces@virtualorchard.net">apple-crop-bounces@virtualorchard.net</a> [<a href="mailto:apple-crop-bounces@virtualorchard.net">mailto:apple-crop-bounces@virtualorchard.net</a>]
<b>On Behalf Of </b>Vincent Philion<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Friday, August 14, 2015 12:49 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> Apple-Crop <<a href="mailto:apple-crop@virtualorchard.net">apple-crop@virtualorchard.net</a>><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [apple-crop] Looking for comments on fire blight management<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Hi Tim! nice to read you!<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"> I think there are more sources of fire blight bacteria in the general environment in the northeastern USA due to your woodlots and forests (with feral apples
and native hosts such as Hawthorne) as contrasted with the treeless conditions around many eastern Washington orchards.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">I agree! But still is fascinating to see whole areas without FB and others with FB, despite similar weather. <o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">We often make “false positive” predictions because of this = conditions are great for FB, but not FB develops because bacteria are simply not there. We have nice qPCR data throughout bloom to prove it.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"> The bacteria (in the hypanthium) need to thrive in the nectary in order to reach numbers sufficient to switch on their virulence. Once this is accomplished you
have an infection.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Do you have a good reference for me on this specific topic? When I reviewed the literature, I only found a few things from Pusey. This might explain some cases.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">We can learn a great deal about interpreting models by looking at the weather data around the time that we are fairly certain that isolated infection events occurred.
We can also look at when expected infections did not occur. It would be very helpful to me if any of you would share weather data including rainfall, hourly temperature (or daily temps) and especially leaf wetness readings. Please send data that covers
days from first bloom to about 3 to 4 weeks after petal fall. Excel files are a real time saver.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">We’re Also looking for the same type of data…!<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Vincent<o:p></o:p></p>
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